Questão 96832

A key concept in formative assessment, as theorized by Dylan Wiliam, is the idea of making student thinking visible. In a communicative English language classroom, this involves more than just checking for correct answers. Analyze the following classroom techniques:

I. Using exit tickets where students must summarize the main argument of a text in their own words.

II. Implementing 'think-pair-share' activities where students first reflect individually on a complex question, then discuss with a partner before sharing with the class.

III. Conducting a final summative exam at the end of the semester with multiple-choice questions covering all topics.

IV. Asking students to signal their level of confidence on a topic using traffic light cards (red, yellow, green).

Which of these techniques are primarily designed as formative assessment strategies to make student thinking and understanding visible for the purpose of instructional adjustment?