Questão 763318

Directions: Answer questions 33 to 40 based on TEXT I.

TEXT I

ETHICS OF WAR

Human beings have been fighting each other

since prehistoric times, and people have been discussing

the rights and wrongs of it for almost as long.

The Ethics of War starts by assuming that war is

5 a bad thing, and should be avoided if possible, but it

recognizes that there can be situations when war may be

the lesser evil of several bad choices.

War is a bad thing because it involves

deliberately killing or injuring people, and this is a

10 fundamental wrong – an abuse of the victims human

rights.

The purpose of war ethics is to help decide what

is right or wrong, both for individuals and countries, and to

contribute to debates on public policy, and ultimately to

15 government and individual action.

War ethics also leads to the creation of formal

codes of war (e.g. the Hague and Geneva conventions),

the drafting and implementation of rules of engagement

for soldiers, and in the punishment of soldiers and others

20 for war crimes.

The three key questions are:

Is it ever right to go to war?

When is it right to fight?

What is the moral way to conduct a war?

25 The discussion of the ethics of war goes back to

the Greeks and Romans, although neither civilization

behaved particularly well in war.

In the Christian tradition war ethics were

developed by St Augustine, and later by St Thomas

30 Aquinas and others.

Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), a Dutch philosopher

and author of De Jure Belli Ac Pacis (The Rights of War

and Peace), wrote down the conditions for a just war that

are accepted today.

35 Cicero argued that there was no acceptable

reason for war outside of just revenge or self-defence –

in which he included the defence of honor.

He also argued that a war could not be just

unless it was publicly declared and unless compensation

40 for the enemy’s offence had first been demanded.

Cicero based his argument on the assumption

that nature and human reason influenced a society

against war, and that there was a fundamental code of

behavior for nations.

Adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/war/. Shtml Acessado em 14/03/2013

Choose the alternative in which the determiner ‘neither’ is used with the same meaning as the one in italics in the text.