Questão 741522

Text 6 to answer questions 40 and 41.

1-------“The advances achieved in Italy and its environs“The advances achieved in Italy and its environs

show that, in terms of cultural and economic development,

Europe was already diverging from the rest of the world

4 before the end of the fifteenth century. However, the

decisive breakthrough that prefigured the age of European

domination was not the Italian Renaissance so much as the

7 Iberian age of exploration. Beginning in the reign of

Henrique the Navigator (1415-60), sailors from Portugal

began to venture further away from Europe—first

10 southwards, following the West African coast, and then all

the way across the Atlantic, Indian and finally the Pacific

oceans. These extraordinarily ambitious and hazardous

13 voyages created a network of new oceanic trade routes that

would rapidly transform the global economy from a

patchwork of regional markets into a single world market.

16 […].

The Portuguese did not arrive with many products of

their own to offer Asian consumers (though they did bring

19 some slaves and gold from West African outposts). That

was not the point. Nor did they come as conquerors, intent

on acquiring territory or new subjects for their king. What

22 the Portuguese had was a series of technological advantages

that made their bid to establish a new and superior trade

network viable. […].

25-------The Portuguese were not wrong that China presentedThe Portuguese were not wrong that China presented

a genuine economic opportunity. […]. Yet the Portuguese

overplayed a weak hand. Simão de Andrade showed a crass

28 disregard for local sensibilities. Without the consent of

imperial officials, he built a fort at Tunmen, hanged a

Portuguese sailor in violation of Chinese law, excluded non-

31 Portuguese ships from the harbour and, when challenged,

knocked a mandarin’s hat off. […].

Why then did the Portuguese ultimately prevail, to the

34 extent of establishing Macau as a part of their network in

1557—an acquisition they proceeded to retain in their

possession for more than 400 years? […]. First, the Chinese

37 prohibition on trade proved unenforceable. New men arrived

from Portugal—Leonel de Souza and Simão d’Almeida—

who succeeded in establishing a foothold in the Guangdong

40 trade. With the right incentives, officials […] could be

turned from foes into business partners. Second, while the

Chinese had won the early naval encounters, they had

43 appreciated the superiority of Portuguese ships and cannon.

Crucially, as compared with indigenous East Asian pirates,

the Portuguese came to be regarded as the lesser evil. […].

46 After 1601, Portuguese and Chinese forces would fight

47 together to repel new interlopers, from the Netherlands”.

FERGUSON, Niall. The square and the tower: Networks and power, from the

Freemasons to Facebook. New York: Penguin, 2017, pp. 71-76, with adaptations.

Considering the ideas and the vocabulary presented in the text, mark the following items as right (C) or wrong (E).

In line 15, the word “patchwork” conveys the idea of a seamless system of regional markets.