Questão 3171740

Leia o texto a seguir para responder às questões de 44 a 47.

Human beings approach any new problem with an existing set of cognitive structures and, through insight, logical thinking, and various forms of testing hypotheses, call upon whatever prior experiences they have had, and whatever cognitive structures they possess to attempt a solution. In the literature of language learning processes, three terms have commonly been singled out for explanation: transfer, interference, and overgeneralization. The three terms can be understood as several manifestations of one principle of learning - the interaction of previously learned material with a present learning event.

Transfer is a general term describing the carryover of previous performance or knowledge to a subsequent learning. Positive transfer occurs when the prior knowledge benefits the learning task - that is, when a previous item is correctly applied to the present subject matter. Negative transfer occurs when previous performance disrupts the performance of a second task. The latter can be referred to as interference.

In the literature on second language acquisition, interference is almost as frequent as the term overgeneralization, which is, of course, a particular subset of generalization - a crucially important and pervading strategy in human learning. To generalize means to infer or derive a law, rule, or conclusion, usually from the observation of particular instances.

In second language acquisition it has been common to refer to overgeneralization as a process that occurs as the second language learner acts within the target language, generalizing a particular rule or item in the second language - irrespective of the native language - beyond legitimate bounds.

(BROWN, H.Douglas. Principles of language learning and teaching. 5th ed. Longman, 2000. P 103. Adaptado)

The suffix “-ing” is found in many different classes of words. In the first paragraph of the text, a noun ending in “ing” is found in