Questão 1184809

Read text II and answer questions 41 to 56:

Text II

Beyond chalk and talk

Technology offers so many opportunities to change

education for the better. The Internet, new software

applications, and mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets,

and digital cameras – all these can be integrated into daily

(5) classroom practice so we can go beyond ‘chalk and talk’ and

make teaching and learning more interactive, collaborative,

personalised, meaningful, and fun. But how can we make the

best use of this technology, and avoid the many possible

pitfalls?

(10) One of the most important aspects of new technology is its

sheer diversity! It offers teachers a wide range of approaches

to engaging students, enabling them to reach students with

very different learning styles. Video, audio, and interactivities

can all be used with students who might be unengaged by the

(15) traditional ‘chalk and talk’ approach, or who are self-conscious

when speaking in class. I find that using very visual activities

with young learners works well, as they’re very appealing and

so engage the students – using an interactive whiteboard to

create class books fosters high class participation, and thus

(20) yields effective learning.

[…]

Many new technologies enable teachers to design activities

that let students express themselves independently. I practise

‘Digital storming’, where students acquire digital skills and over

(25) time not only master those skills but also apply them to new

research to produce new outcomes. One of my favourite

activities is for students to create their own projects online,

doing their own research and presenting the results in English.

They become ‘Internet pioneers’, developing their analysis and

(30) problem-solving skills, as well as learning how to find, process,

and synthesise information. Meanwhile, the teacher becomes

an adviser, content expert and coach too.

Of course, technology brings with it a number of issues and

possible pitfalls. Cost and reliability can both be problems, and

(35) confidence is vital. It can be time-consuming trying out

technology before using it in the classroom, but it’s vital to do

so to ensure a smooth lesson.

When you’re trying out new tools and applications for use

in the classroom, it can help to create a checklist covering the

(40) questions you’ll need to answer to decide whether it fits your

needs.

(Adapted from http://www.cambridge.org/elt/blog/2014/03/beyond-chalk-talk/)

The underlined word in “new software applications” (lines 2 and 3) is a(n)